ABSTRACT
In December 2019, a new coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) emerged and rapidly spread globally, posing a worldwide health emergency. The pathogen causing this pandemic was identified as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). It is well known that SARS-CoV-2 transmits via respiratory droplets and close contact with infected individuals or contaminated items. In addition to these two major transmission routes, other modes of transmission have not been confirmed. Considering that some COVID-19 patients have presented with ocular discomforts and positive SARS-CoV-2 RNA in ocular surfaces, as well as the discovery of the SARS-CoV-2 receptors, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2, and transmembrane protease, serine 2, in the oculus, the ocular surface is now thought to be a possible alternative route of SARS-CoV-2 transmission and a replication site. This review summarizes the evidence connecting COVID-19 with ocular tissues, ocular symptoms during SARS-CoV-2 infection, the potential role of the conjunctiva in SARS-CoV-2 transmission, and the physiopathological mechanisms. Appropriate precautions in ophthalmology departments, including innovative complete and effective patient management plans, protective personal equipment, hand hygiene, and strict personal distance intervals, are essential to effectively minimize the spread of SARS-CoV-2 and control the pandemic. © American Society of Clinical Oncology.
ABSTRACT
Coronavirus ( CoV) is a class of enveloped, positive-sense single-stranded RNA viruses which can infect humans and animals. At the end of 2019, a novel beta-coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 ( Severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2) has started to spread from person to person, and the virus-related disease "COVID-19" ( Coronavirus disease 2019) poses a serious threat to global public health in different countries. Glycosylation is a post-translational modification that exists on proteins, which can affect the protein folding, stability, and the binding between virus and host receptors. Spike ( S) protein determines the tropism of the virus to the host. A plenty of studies have shown that the spike( S) protein in the SARS-CoV-2 envelope and the main receptor on the host cell, Angiotensin converting enzyme 2 ( ACE2), are highly glycosylated proteins. To explore the role of glycosylation in virus infection and host immune response, this review summarizes the infection mechanism of SARS-CoV-2, the glycosylation modifications of recombinant S protein and host receptor protein ACE2, and the effects of glycosylation on the interaction between virus and host cells. Finally, based on the mechanism of glycosylation, we propose novel potential strategies for COVID-19 diagnosis and anti-virus drug development, which provides new directions for the diagnosis and treatment of COVID-19.
ABSTRACT
In recent years, with the rapid development of economy, China's labor relations are constantly changing, and the demands of workers for interests are increasing. In addition, with the outbreak of COVID-19, enterprises are facing severe challenges under both external and internal pressure. In view of this, relying on AI technology and professional personnel, Wish Magic provides consultation and service of labor laws and regulations for people or enterprises in need of relevant help, mediates labor disputes and strives for legitimate interests through online AI keyword search and offline VIP face-to-face expert consultation. © The Authors, published by EDP Sciences, 2021.
ABSTRACT
Editor office's response for Ahead of Print article withdrawn The article "Potential false-positive rate among the 'asymptomatic infected individuals' in close contacts of COVID-19 patients" was under strong discussion after pre-published. Questions from the readers mainly focused on the article's results and conclusions were depended on theoretical deduction, but not the field epidemiology data and further researches were needed to prove the current theory. Based on previous discussions, the article was decided to be offline by the editorial board from the pre-publish lists. Objective: As the prevention and control of COVID-19continues to advance, the active nucleic acid test screening in the close contacts of the patients has been carrying out in many parts of China. However, the false-positive rate of positive results in the screening has not been reported up to now. But to clearify the false-positive rate during screening is important in COVID-19 control and prevention. Methods: Point values and reasonable ranges of the indicators which impact the false-positive rate of positive results were estimated based on the information available to us at present. The false-positive rate of positive results in the active screening was deduced, and univariate and multivariate-probabilistic sensitivity analyses were performed to understand the robustness of the findings. Results: When the infection rate of the close contacts and the sensitivity and specificity of reported results were taken as the point estimates, the positive predictive value of the active screening was only 19.67%, in contrast, the false-positive rate of positive results was 80.33%. The multivariate-probabilistic sensitivity analysis results supported the base-case findings, with a 75% probability for the false-positive rate of positive results over 47%. Conclusions: In the close contacts of COVID-19 patients, nearly half or even more of the 'asymptomatic infected individuals' reported in the active nucleic acid test screening might be false positives.